TY - JOUR
T1 - Time-to-event analysis for sports injury research part 2
T2 - Time-varying outcomes
AU - Nielsen, Rasmus Oestergaard
AU - Bertelsen, Michael Lejbach
AU - Ramskov, Daniel
AU - Møller, Merete
AU - Hulme, Adam
AU - Theisen, Daniel
AU - Finch, Caroline F.
AU - Fortington, Lauren Victoria
AU - Mansournia, Mohammad Ali
AU - Parner, Erik Thorlund
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 Author(s).
PY - 2019/1/1
Y1 - 2019/1/1
N2 - Background: Time-to-event modelling is underutilised in sports injury research. Still, sports injury researchers have been encouraged to consider time-to-event analyses as a powerful alternative to other statistical methods. Therefore, it is important to shed light on statistical approaches suitable for analysing training load related key-questions within the sports injury domain. Content: In the present article, we illuminate: (i) the possibilities of including time-varying outcomes in time-to-event analyses, (ii) how to deal with a situation where different types of sports injuries are included in the analyses (ie, competing risks), and (iii) how to deal with the situation where multiple subsequent injuries occur in the same athlete. Conclusion: Time-to-event analyses can handle time-varying outcomes, competing risk and multiple subsequent injuries. Although powerful, time-to-event has important requirements: researchers are encouraged to carefully consider prior to any data collection that five injuries per exposure state or transition is needed to avoid conducting statistical analyses on time-to-event data leading to biased results. This requirement becomes particularly difficult to accommodate when a stratified analysis is required as the number of variables increases exponentially for each additional strata included. In future sports injury research, we need stratified analyses if the target of our research is to respond to the question: 'how much change in training load is too much before injury is sustained, among athletes with different characteristics?' Responding to this question using multiple time-varying exposures (and outcomes) requires millions of injuries. This should not be a barrier for future research, but collaborations across borders to collecting the amount of data needed seems to be an important step forward.
AB - Background: Time-to-event modelling is underutilised in sports injury research. Still, sports injury researchers have been encouraged to consider time-to-event analyses as a powerful alternative to other statistical methods. Therefore, it is important to shed light on statistical approaches suitable for analysing training load related key-questions within the sports injury domain. Content: In the present article, we illuminate: (i) the possibilities of including time-varying outcomes in time-to-event analyses, (ii) how to deal with a situation where different types of sports injuries are included in the analyses (ie, competing risks), and (iii) how to deal with the situation where multiple subsequent injuries occur in the same athlete. Conclusion: Time-to-event analyses can handle time-varying outcomes, competing risk and multiple subsequent injuries. Although powerful, time-to-event has important requirements: researchers are encouraged to carefully consider prior to any data collection that five injuries per exposure state or transition is needed to avoid conducting statistical analyses on time-to-event data leading to biased results. This requirement becomes particularly difficult to accommodate when a stratified analysis is required as the number of variables increases exponentially for each additional strata included. In future sports injury research, we need stratified analyses if the target of our research is to respond to the question: 'how much change in training load is too much before injury is sustained, among athletes with different characteristics?' Responding to this question using multiple time-varying exposures (and outcomes) requires millions of injuries. This should not be a barrier for future research, but collaborations across borders to collecting the amount of data needed seems to be an important step forward.
KW - injury
KW - statistics
KW - training load
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85056384884&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100000
DO - 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100000
M3 - Review article
C2 - 30413427
AN - SCOPUS:85056384884
SN - 0306-3674
VL - 53
SP - 70
EP - 78
JO - British Journal of Sports Medicine
JF - British Journal of Sports Medicine
IS - 1
ER -