The role of autophagy in anti-tumour immune response mediated by Natural Killer cells

One of the major obstacles to define an efficient cancer immunotherapy protocol is the capacity of hypoxic tumor microenvironment to inhibit the host immune response. In line with this concept, we have shown that hypoxia impairs natural killer (NK) cell-mediated killing of cancer cells. This impairment was not related to a defect in NK cell function, but was strikingly dependent on the induction of the autophagic degradation process in hypoxic tumor cells. Genetic or pharmacological inhibition of autophagy restored NK-mediated killing of hypoxic tumor cells. . We have validated this concept in vivo by showing that targeting autophagy enhanced the NK-mediated regression of breast and melanoma tumors in mice. This regression was related to an increase in NK cells infiltrating autophagy defective tumor as demonstrated by immunohistochemistry staining of NK cells. The present project aims to investigate how autophagy inhibition increases tumor infiltration by NK cells leading to an improvement of NK-mediated anti-tumor immune response et to identify fectors which may be implicated in the infiltration of NK cells into the tumors.