@article{a0eaa2110a4a494d9e71f361dc908be1,
title = "Serological evidence of swine exposure to pandemic H1N1/2009 influenza A virus in Burkina Faso",
abstract = "Despite improvement of human and avian influenza surveillance, swine influenza surveillance in sub-Saharan Africa is scarce and pandemic preparedness is still deemed inadequate, including in Burkina Faso. This cross-sectional study therefore aimed to investigate the (past) exposure of pigs to influenza A viruses. Practices of people with occupational contacts with pigs and their knowledge on influenza A were investigated in order to formulate future prevention guidelines. In 2016–2017, pig nasopharyngeal swabs and sera were collected and screened for the presence of influenza virus by RT-PCR or of anti-influenza antibodies by competitive ELISA. Seropositive samples were further characterized in virus microneutralization assays against human and swine H1N1 virus strains. Nasopharyngeal swabs were obtained from people with occupational contact with pigs and screened similarly. Demographic data as well as practices related to their profession were recorded. No influenza A virus was detected in nasopharyngeal swabs in humans (n = 358) or in pigs (n = 600). Seroprevalence in pigs reached 6.8 % (41/600) and seropositive animals were found in 50.0 % of extensive settings (10/20) and 19.0 % of (semi-)intensive farms (4/21). All positive sera reacted against the pandemic H1N1/2009 strain, while seropositivity against two Eurasian avian-like and one American swine H1N1 strains and individual titers were lower. These results suggested exposure to pandemic H1N1/2009 virus and cross-reactivity to other H1N1 strains. Farmers with higher frequency of contact to pigs, absence of protective equipment and lack of knowledge on zoonoses are likely key players in driving human-to-swine virus transmission.",
keywords = "Burkina Faso, Epidemiology, Influenza A virus, Pandemic H1N1/2009, Pigs, Public health, Reverse zoonosis",
author = "Dieudonn{\'e} Tialla and Aur{\'e}lie Sausy and Assana Ciss{\'e} and Tani Sagna and Ilboudo, {Abdoul Kader} and Ou{\'e}draogo, {Georges Anicet} and H{\"u}bschen, {Judith M.} and Z{\'e}kiba Tarnagda and Snoeck, {Chantal J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors wish to thank J.-F. Bonkoungou, the agents of the regional breeding laboratory and the authorities in charge of animal resources in the Hauts-Bassins region for their collaboration. The authors deeply acknowledge C.P. Muller for his contribution in funding acquisition. We thank K. Van Reeth from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium, for providing swine influenza strains and control sera. This study was supported by the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs , the Luxembourg Ministry of Higher Education and Research and Luxembourg Institute of Health [grants MAE-IV and MAE-V ]. D. Tialla was also supported by a PhD fellowship and trainings funded by the same sources. The funders had no involvement in the study design or its publication. Funding Information: The authors wish to thank J.-F. Bonkoungou, the agents of the regional breeding laboratory and the authorities in charge of animal resources in the Hauts-Bassins region for their collaboration. The authors deeply acknowledge C.P. Muller for his contribution in funding acquisition. We thank K. Van Reeth from Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium, for providing swine influenza strains and control sera. This study was supported by the Luxembourg Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs, the Luxembourg Ministry of Higher Education and Research and Luxembourg Institute of Health [grants MAE-IV and MAE-V]. D. Tialla was also supported by a PhD fellowship and trainings funded by the same sources. The funders had no involvement in the study design or its publication. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier B.V.",
year = "2020",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.108572",
language = "English",
volume = "241",
journal = "Veterinary Microbiology",
issn = "0378-1135",
publisher = "Elsevier B.V.",
}