Resulting tensile forces in the human bone-patellar tendon-bone graft: Direct force measurement in vitro

The objective of this study was to measure the resultant force in the human bone-patellar tendon-bone graft after reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament under various conditions in vitro. Seven fresh-frozen cadaver lower extremities were used. Force measurement was made with a quartz force transducer mounted in a specially designed load cell. The effect of passive extension movement, quadriceps pull, varus torque, and valgus torque on the resultant force in the ligament were investigated. Passive extension of the joint generated a rapid increase of force in the graft between 30° and 0° of flexion, reaching its maximum ( 128 ± 25 N) at full extension. When quadriceps pull was applied to extend the joint, resultant force increased at 50° of flexion and reached its maximum (219 ± 25 N) at full extension. Additional resistance applied to the level of the ankle joint generated an additional load of the graft. Increase of forces in the ligament resulted from both varus and valgus applied moments.