Identifying individuals at-risk of developing Parkinson’s disease using a population-based recruitment strategy: The Healthy Brain Ageing Kassel Study

Sebastian Schade; Soumyabrata Ghosh; Alicia Garrido; Philipp Mahlknecht; Tainá M. Marques; Corinne G.C. Horlings; Sonja R. Jónsdóttir; Elisabeth Lang; Claire Pauly; Kavita Rege; Susana Schnell; Maritta Starke; Horst Hakelberg; Eduardo Tolosa; Claudia Trenkwalder; Tamara Wicke; Laura Zamarian; Liliana Vilas Boas; Carlos Vega; Ludmilla Vasilev; Olena Tsurkalenko; Elodie Thiry; Christoph Theyer; Heike Stockner; Ruxandra Soare; Cristina Simonet; Raquel Severino; Verena Seppi; Klaus Seppi; Katharìna Schwarzovà; Anette Schrag; Reinhard Schneider; Sabine Schmitz; Susanne Scaglione; Rajesh Rawal; Daniel F. Pilco-Janeta; Noelia Peña Arauzo; Clarissa P.C. Gomes; Alastair Noyce; Ulf Nehrbass; Deborah Mcintyre; Kathrin Marini; Simon Leiter; Florian Krismer; Sahra Henze; Beatrice Heim; Somaye Hajian-Tilaki; Valentin Groues; Iris Egner; Rejko Krüger; Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA) Consortium

doi:10.1038/s41531-025-01008-w

Identifying individuals at-risk of developing Parkinson’s disease using a population-based recruitment strategy: The Healthy Brain Ageing Kassel Study

Sebastian Schade^*, Soumyabrata Ghosh, Alicia Garrido, Philipp Mahlknecht, Tainá M. Marques, Corinne G.C. Horlings, Sonja R. Jónsdóttir, Elisabeth Lang, Claire Pauly, Kavita Rege, Susana Schnell, Maritta Starke, Horst Hakelberg, Eduardo Tolosa, Claudia Trenkwalder, Tamara Wicke, Laura Zamarian, Liliana Vilas Boas, Carlos Vega, Ludmilla VasilevOlena Tsurkalenko, Elodie Thiry, Christoph Theyer, Heike Stockner, Ruxandra Soare, Cristina Simonet, Raquel Severino, Verena Seppi, Klaus Seppi, Katharìna Schwarzovà, Anette Schrag, Reinhard Schneider, Sabine Schmitz, Susanne Scaglione, Rajesh Rawal, Daniel F. Pilco-Janeta, Noelia Peña Arauzo, Clarissa P.C. Gomes, Alastair Noyce, Ulf Nehrbass, Deborah Mcintyre, Kathrin Marini, Simon Leiter, Florian Krismer, Sahra Henze, Beatrice Heim, Somaye Hajian-Tilaki, Valentin Groues, Iris Egner, Rejko Krüger, Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA) Consortium

^*Corresponding author for this work

Luxembourg Institute of Health

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › Research › peer-review

Abstract

Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) occurs before motor features develop: assessing risk factors and identifying prodromal markers is necessary to recruit prodromal cohorts, improve early diagnosis, and develop preventive therapies. As part of Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA), we implemented a stepwise, population-based screening to identify people at high risk of developing PD. Residents (n = 158,818; 50-80 years) in and around Kassel, Germany were invited to complete an online survey with questions for prodromal symptoms and risk factors. An individual risk score was calculated (International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society criteria). Selected individuals received a smell test. 8001 of 8774 survey responses were valid; the response rate to the smell test mailings (n = 3021) was 90%. Hyposmic participants (n = 1019) had more subjective hyposmia and subjective memory impairment (p < 0.01). Follow-up visits will validate the recruitment strategy and monitor conversion to manifest PD. Our recruitment strategy identifies people who might be at risk for PD.

Original language	English
Article number	216
Pages (from-to)	216
Number of pages	10
Journal	npj Parkinson's Disease
Volume	11
Issue number	1
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01008-w
Publication status	Published - 18 Jul 2025

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Schade, S., Ghosh, S., Garrido, A., Mahlknecht, P., Marques, T. M., Horlings, C. G. C., Jónsdóttir, S. R., Lang, E., Pauly, C., Rege, K., Schnell, S., Starke, M., Hakelberg, H., Tolosa, E., Trenkwalder, C., Wicke, T., Zamarian, L., Boas, L. V., Vega, C., ... Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA) Consortium (2025). Identifying individuals at-risk of developing Parkinson’s disease using a population-based recruitment strategy: The Healthy Brain Ageing Kassel Study. npj Parkinson's Disease, 11(1), 216. Article 216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01008-w

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title = "Identifying individuals at-risk of developing Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease using a population-based recruitment strategy: The Healthy Brain Ageing Kassel Study",

abstract = "Neurodegeneration in Parkinson{\textquoteright}s disease (PD) occurs before motor features develop: assessing risk factors and identifying prodromal markers is necessary to recruit prodromal cohorts, improve early diagnosis, and develop preventive therapies. As part of Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA), we implemented a stepwise, population-based screening to identify people at high risk of developing PD. Residents (n = 158,818; 50-80 years) in and around Kassel, Germany were invited to complete an online survey with questions for prodromal symptoms and risk factors. An individual risk score was calculated (International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society criteria). Selected individuals received a smell test. 8001 of 8774 survey responses were valid; the response rate to the smell test mailings (n = 3021) was 90\%. Hyposmic participants (n = 1019) had more subjective hyposmia and subjective memory impairment (p < 0.01). Follow-up visits will validate the recruitment strategy and monitor conversion to manifest PD. Our recruitment strategy identifies people who might be at risk for PD.",

author = "Sebastian Schade and Soumyabrata Ghosh and Alicia Garrido and Philipp Mahlknecht and Marques, \{Tain{\'a} M.\} and Horlings, \{Corinne G.C.\} and J{\'o}nsd{\'o}ttir, \{Sonja R.\} and Elisabeth Lang and Claire Pauly and Kavita Rege and Susana Schnell and Maritta Starke and Horst Hakelberg and Eduardo Tolosa and Claudia Trenkwalder and Tamara Wicke and Laura Zamarian and Boas, \{Liliana Vilas\} and Carlos Vega and Ludmilla Vasilev and Olena Tsurkalenko and Elodie Thiry and Christoph Theyer and Heike Stockner and Ruxandra Soare and Cristina Simonet and Raquel Severino and Verena Seppi and Klaus Seppi and Kathar{\`i}na Schwarzov{\`a} and Anette Schrag and Reinhard Schneider and Sabine Schmitz and Susanne Scaglione and Rajesh Rawal and Pilco-Janeta, \{Daniel F.\} and Arauzo, \{Noelia Pe{\~n}a\} and Gomes, \{Clarissa P.C.\} and Alastair Noyce and Ulf Nehrbass and Deborah Mcintyre and Kathrin Marini and Simon Leiter and Florian Krismer and Sahra Henze and Beatrice Heim and Somaye Hajian-Tilaki and Valentin Groues and Iris Egner and Rejko Kr{\"u}ger and \{Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA) Consortium\}",

note = "Funding: The first author (SeS) was supported by a PPMI Early-Stage Investigators Funding Program fellowship of the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkin- son{\textquoteright}s Research (MJFF; grant number MJFF-022656). The HeBA study is partially supported by a grant from MJFF (grant number MJFF-021923). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2025.",

year = "2025",

month = jul,

day = "18",

doi = "10.1038/s41531-025-01008-w",

language = "English",

volume = "11",

pages = "216",

journal = "npj Parkinson's Disease",

issn = "2373-8057",

publisher = "Springer Nature",

number = "1",

}

Schade, S, Ghosh, S, Garrido, A, Mahlknecht, P, Marques, TM, Horlings, CGC, Jónsdóttir, SR, Lang, E, Pauly, C, Rege, K, Schnell, S, Starke, M, Hakelberg, H, Tolosa, E, Trenkwalder, C, Wicke, T, Zamarian, L, Boas, LV, Vega, C, Vasilev, L, Tsurkalenko, O, Thiry, E, Theyer, C, Stockner, H, Soare, R, Simonet, C, Severino, R, Seppi, V, Seppi, K, Schwarzovà, K, Schrag, A, Schneider, R, Schmitz, S, Scaglione, S, Rawal, R, Pilco-Janeta, DF, Arauzo, NP, Gomes, CPC, Noyce, A, Nehrbass, U, Mcintyre, D, Marini, K, Leiter, S, Krismer, F, Henze, S, Heim, B, Hajian-Tilaki, S, Groues, V, Egner, I, Krüger, R & Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA) Consortium 2025, 'Identifying individuals at-risk of developing Parkinson’s disease using a population-based recruitment strategy: The Healthy Brain Ageing Kassel Study', npj Parkinson's Disease, vol. 11, no. 1, 216, pp. 216. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-01008-w

TY - JOUR

T1 - Identifying individuals at-risk of developing Parkinson’s disease using a population-based recruitment strategy

T2 - The Healthy Brain Ageing Kassel Study

AU - Schade, Sebastian

AU - Ghosh, Soumyabrata

AU - Garrido, Alicia

AU - Mahlknecht, Philipp

AU - Marques, Tainá M.

AU - Horlings, Corinne G.C.

AU - Jónsdóttir, Sonja R.

AU - Lang, Elisabeth

AU - Pauly, Claire

AU - Rege, Kavita

AU - Schnell, Susana

AU - Starke, Maritta

AU - Hakelberg, Horst

AU - Tolosa, Eduardo

AU - Trenkwalder, Claudia

AU - Wicke, Tamara

AU - Zamarian, Laura

AU - Boas, Liliana Vilas

AU - Vega, Carlos

AU - Vasilev, Ludmilla

AU - Tsurkalenko, Olena

AU - Thiry, Elodie

AU - Theyer, Christoph

AU - Stockner, Heike

AU - Soare, Ruxandra

AU - Simonet, Cristina

AU - Severino, Raquel

AU - Seppi, Verena

AU - Seppi, Klaus

AU - Schwarzovà, Katharìna

AU - Schrag, Anette

AU - Schneider, Reinhard

AU - Schmitz, Sabine

AU - Scaglione, Susanne

AU - Rawal, Rajesh

AU - Pilco-Janeta, Daniel F.

AU - Arauzo, Noelia Peña

AU - Gomes, Clarissa P.C.

AU - Noyce, Alastair

AU - Nehrbass, Ulf

AU - Mcintyre, Deborah

AU - Marini, Kathrin

AU - Leiter, Simon

AU - Krismer, Florian

AU - Henze, Sahra

AU - Heim, Beatrice

AU - Hajian-Tilaki, Somaye

AU - Groues, Valentin

AU - Egner, Iris

AU - Krüger, Rejko

AU - Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA) Consortium

N1 - Funding: The first author (SeS) was supported by a PPMI Early-Stage Investigators Funding Program fellowship of the Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkin- son’s Research (MJFF; grant number MJFF-022656). The HeBA study is partially supported by a grant from MJFF (grant number MJFF-021923). Publisher Copyright: © The Author(s) 2025.

PY - 2025/7/18

Y1 - 2025/7/18

N2 - Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) occurs before motor features develop: assessing risk factors and identifying prodromal markers is necessary to recruit prodromal cohorts, improve early diagnosis, and develop preventive therapies. As part of Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA), we implemented a stepwise, population-based screening to identify people at high risk of developing PD. Residents (n = 158,818; 50-80 years) in and around Kassel, Germany were invited to complete an online survey with questions for prodromal symptoms and risk factors. An individual risk score was calculated (International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society criteria). Selected individuals received a smell test. 8001 of 8774 survey responses were valid; the response rate to the smell test mailings (n = 3021) was 90%. Hyposmic participants (n = 1019) had more subjective hyposmia and subjective memory impairment (p < 0.01). Follow-up visits will validate the recruitment strategy and monitor conversion to manifest PD. Our recruitment strategy identifies people who might be at risk for PD.

AB - Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s disease (PD) occurs before motor features develop: assessing risk factors and identifying prodromal markers is necessary to recruit prodromal cohorts, improve early diagnosis, and develop preventive therapies. As part of Healthy Brain Ageing (HeBA), we implemented a stepwise, population-based screening to identify people at high risk of developing PD. Residents (n = 158,818; 50-80 years) in and around Kassel, Germany were invited to complete an online survey with questions for prodromal symptoms and risk factors. An individual risk score was calculated (International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society criteria). Selected individuals received a smell test. 8001 of 8774 survey responses were valid; the response rate to the smell test mailings (n = 3021) was 90%. Hyposmic participants (n = 1019) had more subjective hyposmia and subjective memory impairment (p < 0.01). Follow-up visits will validate the recruitment strategy and monitor conversion to manifest PD. Our recruitment strategy identifies people who might be at risk for PD.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105013577084

UR - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40681552/

U2 - 10.1038/s41531-025-01008-w

DO - 10.1038/s41531-025-01008-w

M3 - Article

C2 - 40681552

AN - SCOPUS:105013577084

SN - 2373-8057

VL - 11

SP - 216

JO - npj Parkinson's Disease

JF - npj Parkinson's Disease

IS - 1

M1 - 216

ER -

Identifying individuals at-risk of developing Parkinson’s disease using a population-based recruitment strategy: The Healthy Brain Ageing Kassel Study

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