@article{16af8e366dd6403ca74f04facbdb5f89,
title = "Emerging Influenza D virus infection in European livestock as determined in serology studies: Are we underestimating its spread over the continent?",
abstract = "Influenza D virus (IDV) is a novel orthomyxovirus that was first isolated in 2011 in the United States from a swine exhibiting influenza-like disease. To date, its detection is extended to all continents and in a broad host range: IDV is circulating in cattle, swine, feral swine, camelids, small ruminants and horses. Evidence also suggests a possible species jump to humans, underlining the issue of zoonotic potential. In Europe, serological investigations in cattle have partially allowed the understanding of the virus diffusion in different countries such as Italy, France, Luxembourg and Ireland. The infection is widespread in cattle but limited in other investigated species, consolidating the assumption of cattle as IDV primary host. We hypothesize that commercial livestock trade could play a role in the observed differences in IDV seroprevalence among these areas. Indeed, the overall level of exposure in cattle and swine in destination countries (e.g. Italy) is higher than in origin countries (e.g. France), leading to the hypothesis of a viral shedding following the transportation of young cattle abroad and thus contributing to larger diffusion at countries of destination. IDV large geographic circulation in cattle from Northern to more Southern European countries also supports the hypothesis of a viral spread through livestock trade. This review summarizes available data on IDV seroprevalence in Europe collected so far and integrates unpublished data from IDV European surveillance framework of the last decade. In addition, the possible role of livestock trade and biosecurity measures in this pathogen's spread is discussed.",
keywords = "cattle, epidemiology, influenza D virus, livestock trade, seroprevalence, small ruminants, swine, zoonosis",
author = "Maria Gaudino and Ana Moreno and Snoeck, {Chantal J.} and Siamak Zohari and Claude Saegerman and Tom O{\textquoteright}Donovan and Eoin Ryan and Irene Zanni and Emanuela Foni and Aurelie Sausy and H{\"u}bschen, {Judith M.} and Gilles Meyer and Chiara Chiapponi and Ducatez, {Mariette F.}",
note = "Funding Information: This study was performed under the Grant Agreement Number GP/EFSA/AFSCO/2017/01—GA04, entitled 'Risk assessment for influenza D in Europe'. This work was co‐funded by the French National Agency for Research, project ANR‐15‐CE35‐0005 'FLUD', the Italian Ministry of Health grant IZS LER 2015006 RC and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, the Luxembourg Institute of Health, the Minist{\`e}re de l'Agriculture, Viticulture et D{\'e}veloppement Rural du Luxembourg, the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland. The article reflects only the author's view and the EFSA Authority is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Funding Information: This study was performed under the Grant Agreement Number GP/EFSA/AFSCO/2017/01?GA04, entitled 'Risk assessment for influenza D in Europe'. This work was co-funded by the French National Agency for Research, project ANR-15-CE35-0005 'FLUD', the Italian Ministry of Health grant IZS LER 2015006 RC and Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, the Luxembourg Institute of Health, the Minist?re de l'Agriculture, Viticulture et D?veloppement Rural du Luxembourg, the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Ireland. The article reflects only the author's view and the EFSA Authority is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information it contains. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Wiley-VCH GmbH",
year = "2021",
month = may,
doi = "10.1111/tbed.13812",
language = "English",
volume = "68",
pages = "1125--1135",
journal = "Transboundary and Emerging Diseases",
issn = "1865-1674",
publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Ltd",
number = "3",
}