@article{d15dd26b44ef49d584fb038d93e72594,
title = "Carbohydrate epitopes currently recognized as targets for IgE antibodies",
abstract = "Until recently, glycan epitopes have not been documented by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee. This was in part due to scarce or incomplete information on these oligosaccharides, but also due to the widely held opinion that IgE to these epitopes had little or no relevance to allergic symptoms. Most IgE-binding glycans recognized up to 2008 were considered to be “classical” cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants (CCD) that occur in insects, some helminths and throughout the plant kingdom. Since 2008, the prevailing opinion on lack of clinical relevance of IgE-binding glycans has been subject to a reevaluation. This was because IgE specific for the mammalian disaccharide galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) was identified as a cause of delayed anaphylaxis to mammalian meat in the United States, an observation that has been confirmed by allergists in many parts of the world. Several experimental studies have shown that oligosaccharides with one or more terminal alpha-gal epitopes can be attached as a hapten to many different mammalian proteins or lipids. The classical CCDs also behave like haptens since they can be expressed on proteins from multiple species. This is the explanation for extensive in vitro cross-reactivity related to CCDs. Because of these developments, the Allergen Nomenclature Sub-Committee recently decided to include glycans as potentially allergenic epitopes in an adjunct section of its website (www.allergen.org). In this article, the features of the main glycan groups known to be involved in IgE recognition are revisited, and their characteristic structural, functional, and clinical features are discussed.",
keywords = "MMXF, MUXF3, O-glycans, alpha-gal, clinical relevance, cross-reactive carbohydrate determinants, hapten",
author = "Platts-Mills, {Thomas A.} and Christiane Hilger and Uta Jappe and {van Hage}, Marianne and Gabriele Gadermaier and Edzard Spillner and Jonas Lidholm and Behnam Keshavarz and Aalberse, {Rob C.} and {van Ree}, Ronald and Goodman, {Richard E.} and Anna Pom{\'e}s",
note = "Funding Information: We acknowledge and give thanks for the support received by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Sub‐Committee from the EAACI, the AAAAI, and IUIS. Dr. Platts‐Mills reports non‐financial support from Thermo Fisher Scientific, outside the submitted work. Dr. Hilger, Prof. Dr. Jappe, Dr. Spillner, Dr. Keshavarz, Dr. Aalberse, Dr. Goodman, and Dr. van Hage have nothing to disclose. Dr. Gadermaier reports personal fees from Bencard, personal fees from COMPARE, outside the submitted work. Dr. Lidholm reports no conflicts other than those from working at Thermo Fisher Scientific. Dr. van Ree reports consultancies from HAL Allergy BV, Citeq BV, Angany Inc., outside the submitted work. Dr. Pom{\'e}s reports grants from NIH/NIAID, other from Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., outside the submitted work. Funding Information: We acknowledge and give thanks for the support received by the WHO/IUIS Allergen Sub-Committee from the EAACI, the AAAAI, and IUIS. Dr. Platts-Mills reports non-financial support from Thermo Fisher Scientific, outside the submitted work. Dr. Hilger, Prof. Dr. Jappe, Dr. Spillner, Dr. Keshavarz, Dr. Aalberse, Dr. Goodman, and Dr. van Hage have nothing to disclose. Dr. Gadermaier reports personal fees from Bencard, personal fees from COMPARE, outside the submitted work. Dr. Lidholm reports no conflicts other than those from working at Thermo Fisher Scientific. Dr. van Ree reports consultancies from HAL Allergy BV, Citeq BV, Angany Inc., outside the submitted work. Dr. Pom?s reports grants from NIH/NIAID, other from Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc., outside the submitted work. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 EAACI and John Wiley and Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd.",
year = "2021",
month = aug,
doi = "10.1111/all.14802",
language = "English",
volume = "76",
pages = "2383--2394",
journal = "Allergy: European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology",
issn = "0105-4538",
publisher = "Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd",
number = "8",
}